The Impact of Maternal Parenting Stress on Maternal Resilience. A Study With Greek and Cypriot Mothers
Keywords:
maternal stress, parental stress, resilience, grandparentsAbstract
When people become parents, they experience significant life changes. These include feelings of joy and satisfaction, but simultaneously, the parental role comes with obstacles and obligations added to many people’s already challenging daily routines. The present study was focused on mothers, and examined the impact of maternal parenting stress on psychological resilience, by considering demographic characteristics such as age, education, employment status, and grandparental support system. We conducted a quantitative, web-designed survey with a sample of 151 mothers of children in various age groups (from 1‒12 years old), from Greece and Cyprus, who were 18+ years old. Participants completed the CD-RISK online (Connor and Davidson 2003), the Parental Stress Scale (Berry and Jones 1995), and a personal information form (PIF) with demographic information. Results indicated that mothers experienced parenting stress at moderate to high levels, even if their resilience was positively or negatively influenced by other factors, such as the participation of others (grandparents) in the care of their children. Findings also showed that mothers experienced parental stress as an independent factor in resilience. It seems like providing practical social support structures for mothers aged 26‒45 and single mothers could contribute positively to alleviating their stress symptoms.
Downloads
References
Albanese, A., P. Geller, C. Sikes, and J. Barkin. 2021. "The importance of patient-centered research in the promotion of postpartum mental health." Front Psychiatry 12:720106.
American Psychological Association. "Building Your Resilience." Last modified February 1, 2020. https://dictionary.apa.org/resilience.
Amici, Federica, Sarah Röder, Wieland Kiess, et al. 2022. "Maternal Stress, Child Behavior and the Promotive Role of Older Siblings." BMC Public Health 22 : 863. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13261-2.
Arpino, Bruno, and Francesca Luppi. 2020. "Childcare Arrangements and Working Mothers’ Satisfaction with Work-Family Balance." Demographic Research 42 : 549–588. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26936799.
Aubel, Judi. "Grandmothers—A Neglected Family Resource for Saving Newborn Lives." 2021.BMJ Global Health 6, no. 2: e003808. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003808.
Bakali, Maria. The Mental Resilience of People with Low Economic Status.2020. Larissa: Dissertation, University of Thessaly, https://ir.lib.uth.gr/xmlui/bitstream/handle.11615/52456/200501.pdf?sequence=1.
Baraitser, Lisa, and Agnes Noack. "Mother Courage: Reflections on Maternal Resilience." 2007. British Journal of Psychotherapy 23, no. 2 (2007): 171–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0118.2007.00016.x.
Bayer, Jordana, Harriet Hiscock, Obioha Ukoumunne, Anna Price, and Melissa Wake. 2008. "Early Childhood Etiology of Mental Health Problems: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 49, no. 11: 1166–1174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01943.x.
Benassi, Enrica, Maria Vallone, Michele Camia, and Massimo Scorza. 2020. "Women during COVID-19 Lockdown: More Anxiety Symptoms in Women with Children than Without Children and Role of Resilience." Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology 8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2559.
Berenguer, Carmen, Belén Rosello, and Ana Miranda. "Mothers’ Stress and Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Children with ADHD: Mediation of Coping Strategies." 2020. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 61, no. 6: 864–871. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12680.
Berry, John O., and Warren H. Jones. "The Parental Stress Scale: Initial Psychometric Evidence."1995.Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 12, no. 3: 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407595123009.
Berryhill, Morgan, and Jared Durtschi. "Understanding Single Mothers' Parenting Stress Trajectories." 2016. Marriage & Family Review 52, no. 4 (2016): 365–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2016.1204406.
Bialas, Magdalena. "Characteristics of the Roles of Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disabilities as a Basis for Their Individual Therapy. 2021. " Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 13, no. 1: 63–82. https://doi.org/10.29359/BJHPA.13.1.08.
Booth, Jason W., and James T. Neill. "Coping Strategies and the Development of Psychological Resilience." 2017. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education 20, no. 1: 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03401002.
Brianda, Marie-Émilie, Ives Riskam, and Moïra Mikolajczak. "Hair Cortisol Concentration as a Biomarker of Parental Burnout." 2020. Psychoneuroendocrinology 117: 104681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104681.
Browne, Dillon T., Annie Plamondon, Heather Prime, Samantha Puente-Duran, and Mark Wade. "Cumulative Risk and Developmental Health: An Argument for the Importance of a Family-Wide Science." 2015. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 6, no. 4: 397–407. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1349.
Chen, Qiong, Meiling Liang, Yuchao Li, et al. "Mental Health Care for Medical Staff in China during the COVID-19 Outbreak." 2020. The Lancet Psychiatry 7, no. 4: e15–e16.
Cohen, Sheldon, and Thomas Wills. "Stress, Social Support, and the Buffering Hypothesis." 1985. Psychological Bulletin 98, no. 2: 310–357.
Condon, John, Philip Boyce, and Carolyn Corkindale. "The First-Time Father’s Study: A Prospective Study of the Mental Health and Wellbeing of Men during the Transition to Parenthood." 2004. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 38, no. 1–2: 56–64.
Cox, Martha J., and Blair Paley. "Understanding Families as Systems." 2003. Current Directions in Psychological Science 12, no. 5: 193–196.
Connor, Kathryn M., and Jonathan R. T. Davidson. "Development of a New Resilience Scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)." 2003. Depression and Anxiety 18, no. 2: 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113.
Craig, Lyn, and Brendan Churchill. "Parenting Stress and the Use of Formal and Informal Childcare: Associations for Fathers and Mothers." 2018.Journal of Family Issues 39, no. 1: 320–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X18776419.
Crnic, Keith, and Carol Low. "Everyday Stress and Parenting." 2002. In Handbook of Parenting: Practical Issues in Parenting, edited by Marc H. Bornstein, 243–267. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002.
Daly, Deirdre, Pamela Moran, and Francesca Wuytack. "The Maternal Health-Related Issues That Matter Most to Women in Ireland as They Transition to Motherhood—A Qualitative Study." 2022. Women and Birth 35, no. 1: e10–e18.
Davis, Elizabeth P., Benjamin L. Hankin, Laura M. Glynn, et al. "Prenatal Maternal Stress, Child Cortical Thickness, and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms." 2020. Child Development 91, no. 2: 432–450.
Deater-Deckard, Kirby, Mingzhi Li, and Martha Ann Bell. "Multifaceted Emotion Regulation, Stress and Affect in Mothers of Young Children." 2016. Cognition and Emotion 30, no. 3: 444–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1013087.
Demetriou, Loukia. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown Measures on Mental Health and Well-Being and the Role of Resilience: A Review of Studies in Cyprus." 2021. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 26, no. 4: 54–65. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2604035465.
DiCorcia, Jennifer A., and Edward Tronick. "Quotidian Resilience: Exploring Mechanisms That Drive Resilience from a Perspective of Everyday Stress and Coping." 2011. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 35, no. 7: 1593–1602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.008.
Di Gessa, Giorgio, Paola Zaninotto, and Karen Glaser. "Looking after Grandchildren: Gender Differences in ‘When,’ ‘What,’ and ‘Why’: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging." 2020. Demographic Research 43: 1465–1482. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2020.43.53.
Dunifon, Rachel. "The Influence of Grandparents on the Lives of Children and Adolescents." 2013.Child Development Perspectives 7, no. 1: 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12016.
Elmas, Burak, Merve Vatansever, Aybeniz Civan Kahve, Burçin Salman Özgü, Gonca Asut, Işık Batuhan Çakmak, Ayşegül Bestel, and Salim Erkaya. 2021. “Evaluation of Psychological Resilience and Anxiety Levels of Patients with Hyperemesis Gravidarum Diagnosis and Comparison with Healthy Pregnant Women.” Turkish Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 18, no. 2: 115–23. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjod.galenos.2021.05994.
Epifanio, Maria S., Vitalba Genna, Caterina De Luca, Michele Roccella, and Sabina La Grutta. 2015. “Paternal and Maternal Transition to Parenthood: The Risk of Postpartum Depressionand Parenting Stress. Paediatric reports, 7(2), 5872. https://doi.org/10.4081/pr.2015.5872.
Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N., Maria K. Apostolidou, Marina B. Atsiova, Anna K. Filippidou, Angeliki K. Florou, Dimitra S. Gousiou, Aikaterini R. Katsara et al. "Self-reported changes in anxiety, depression and suicidality during the COVID-19 lockdown in Greece." Journal of affective disorders 279 (2021): 624-629.
Garrison, M. E. Betsy, Lydia B. Blalock, John J. Zarski, and Penny B. Merritt. 1997. “Delayed Parenthood: An Exploratory Study of Family Functioning.” Family Relations 46, no. 3: 281–90. https://doi.org/10.2307/585126.Parenting Stress.” Pediatric Reports 7, no. 2: 5872. https://doi.org/10.4081/pr.2015.5872.
Gavidia-Payne, Susana, Bianca Denny, Kate Davis, Andrew Francis, and Merv Jackson. 2015. “Parental Resilience: A Neglected Construct in Resilience Research.” Clinical Psychologist 19, no. 3: 111–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12053.
Gavita, Oana A., Daniel David, and Raymond DiGiuseppe. 2014. “You Are Such a Bad Child! Appraisals as Mechanisms of Parental Negative and Positive Affect.” Journal of General Psychology 141, no. 2: 113–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2013.874971.
Giallo, Rebecca, Pamela Pilkington, Ellie McDonald, Deirdre Gartland, Hannah Woolhouse, and Stephanie Brown. 2017. “Physical, Sexual, and Social Health Factors Associated with the Trajectories of Maternal Depressive Symptoms from Pregnancy to 4 Years Postpartum.” Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology 52, no. 7: 815–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1387-8.
Griffith, A. 2020. “Parental Burnout and Child Maltreatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Family Violence: 1–7. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00172-2.
Hadjicharalambous, Demetris., Despina Athanasiades, and Loucia Demetriou. 2020. “The Impact of the Covid-19 Isolation Measures on Working Mothers’ Resilience and Quality of Life.” Social Educational Research 2, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.37256/ser.21021618.
Heberle, Amy E., Sarah C. Krill, Margaret J. Briggs-Gowan, and Alice S. Carter. 2015. “Predicting Externalizing and Internalizing Behavior in Kindergarten: Examining the Buffering Role of Early Social Support.” Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 44, no. 4: 640–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.886254.
Herrman, Helen, Donna E. Stewart, Natalia Diaz-Granados, Elena L. Berger, Beth Jackson, and Tracy Yuen. 2011. “What Is Resilience?.” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie 56, no. 5: 258–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371105600504.
Holly, Lindsay E., Alicia R. Fenley, Tessa K. Kritikos, Rachel A. Merson, Richard R. Abidin, and David A. Langer. 2019. “Evidence-Based Update for Parenting Stress Measures in Clinical Samples.” Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 48, no. 5: 685–705. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2019.1639515.
Hong, Q., X. Chi, L. Yang, M. Zhang, J. Z. Dai, Y. C. Xie et al. 2014. “Maternal Parenting Stress of Preschool Children and Influencing Factors in Nanjing.” Journal of Nanjing Medical University (Natural Sciences Education) 34: 1582–6. https://doi.org/10.7655/NYDXBNS20141128.
Hostinar, Camelia E., and Gregory E. Miller. 2019. “Protective Factors for Youth Confronting Economic Hardship: Current Challenges and Future Avenues in Resilience Research.” American Psychologist 74, no. 6: 641–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000520.
Hrdy, S. 2009. Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Hubert, Sarah, and Isabelle Aujoulat. 2018. “Parental Burnout: When Exhausted Mothers Open Up.” Frontiers in Psychology 9, no. 9: 1021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01021, PubMed: 29997543, PubMed Central: PMC6028779.
Kafali, E. 2017. “The Adaptability of the Couple and the Role of Grandparental Help to the Family and Socialization of the Child.” Athens: Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences. http://pandemos.panteion.gr/getfile.php?uri=http://localhost:8080/fedora/objects/iid:17784/datastreams/PDF1/content&mimetype=application%2Fpdf&filename=6PMS_PSY_KafaliEu.pdf
Kaniasty, K, & Norris, F. (2004). Social support in the aftermath of disasters, catastrophes, and acts of terrorism: altruistic, overwhelmed, uncertain, antagonistic, and patriotic communities. In: Ursano, R., Norwood, A., Fullerton, C., editors. Bioterrorism: Psychological and Public Health Interventions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2004. pp. 200–229.
Kaplan, Hillard. 1994. “Evolutionary and Wealth Flow Theories of Fertility: Empirical Tests and New Models.” Population & Development Review 20, no. 4: 753–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137661.
Kim, Eun J., Min J. Cho, and Mi J. Kim. 2021. “Mothers’ Parenting Stress and Neighborhood Characteristics in Early Childhood (Ages 0–4).” International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health 18, no. 5: 2648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052648.
Koeske, G. F., and R. D. Koeske. 1990. “The Buffering Effect of Social Support on Parental Stress.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 60, no. 3: 440–51. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079164.
Kornhaber, A., and K. L. Woodward. 1981. Grandparents/Grandchildren: The Vital Connection. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Publishing.
Lago, Paola, Elisabetta Garetti, Giovanna Boccuzzo, Daniele Merazzi, Anna Pirelli, Luisa Pieragostini, Simone Piga, Marina Cuttini, and Gina Ancora. 2013. “Procedural Pain in Neonates: The State of the Art in the Implementation of National Guidelines in Italy.” Paediatric Anaesthesia 23, no. 5: 407–14. http://doi.org/10.1111/pan.12107 [Epub]. PubMed: 23301982.
Lee, Joyce Y., Brenda L. Volling, and Shawna J. Lee. 2021. “Material Hardship in Families with Low Income: Positive Effects of Coparenting on Fathers’ and Mothers’ Parenting and Children’s Prosocial Behaviors.” Frontiers in Psychology 12: Article 729654. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729654.
Lee, Yi-chen, Hao-Jan Yang, Vincent Chin-Hung Chen, Wan-Ting Lee, Ming-Jen Teng, Chung-Hui Lin, and Michael Gossop. 2016. “Meta-analysis of Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: By Both Parent Proxy-Report and Child Self-Report Using PedsQL™.” Research in Developmental Disabilities 51–52: 160–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2015.11.009. Epub January 30, 2016. PubMed: 26829402.
Leigh, Bronwyn, and Jeannette Milgrom. 2008. “Risk Factors for Antenatal Depression, Postnatal Depression and Parenting Stress.” BMC Psychiatry [Electronic Resource] 8, no. 24: 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-24.
Li, C. N., H. Zou, and D. M. Duan. 2005. “Relationship Between Parenting Stress and Marital Quality in Mothers with Preschool Children.” Chinese Mental Health Journal 19: 136–8.
Louie, Ashley D., Lisa D. Cromer, and Judy O. Berry. 2017. “Assessing Parenting Stress: Review of the Use and Interpretation of the Parental Stress Scale.” Family Journal 25, no. 4: 359–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480717731347.
Lubián López, Daniel María, Carmen Aisha Butrón Hinojo, Jose Eduardo Arjona Bernal, María Fasero Laiz, José Alcolea Santiago, Virginia Guerra Vilches, Marta Casaus Fernández, Ana Bueno Moral, Antonio Olvera Perdigones, Begoña Rodríguez Rodríguez, Andrés Cuevas Palomino, Jesús Presa Lorite, Pluvio Coronado Martín, Manuel Sánchez-Prieto, Rafael Sánchez-Borrego, and Ernesto González-Mesa. 2021. “Resilience and Psychological Distress in Pregnant Women During Quarantine Due to the COVID-19 Outbreak in Spain: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Online Survey.” Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics &Gynaecology 42, no. 2: 115–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/0167482X.2021.1896491.
Luthar, Suniya S., and Lucia Ciciolla. 2015. “Who Mothers Mommy? Factors That Contribute to Mothers’ Well-Being.” Developmental Psychology 51, no. 12: 1812–23. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000051. Epub October 26, 2015. PubMed: 26501725, PubMed Central: PMC4697864.
Makri-Botsari, Evi &Polychroni, Fotini &Megari, Evi. 2001. Personality Characteristics of Greek Mothers of Children with Special Needs Who Are Involved in Special Needs Support Centres. Mediterranean Journal of Educational Studies 6, no.2: 113-140.
Masten, A. S., and D. Cicchetti. 2016. “Resilience in Development: Progress and Transformation.” In Developmental Psychopathology: Risk, Resilience, and Intervention, edited by D. Cicchetti: 271–333. John Wiley & Sons, Inc..https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy406.
Masten, Ann S. 2011. “Resilience in Children Threatened by Extreme Adversity: Frameworks for Research, Practice, and Translational Synergy.” Development & Psychopathology 23, no. 2: 493–506. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000198.
Mikolajczak, Moïra, Marie-Emilie Raes, Hervé Avalosse, and Isabelle Roskam. 2018. “Exhausted Parents: Sociodemographic, Child-Related, Parent Related, Parenting and Family-Functioning Correlates of Parental Burnout.” Journal of Child & Family Studies 27, no. 2: 602–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0892-4.
Mikolajczak, Moïra, and Isabelle Roskam. 2018. “A Theoretical and Clinical Framework for Parental Burnout: The Balance Between Risks and Resources (BR2).” Frontiers in Psychology 9: 886. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00886.
Milgrom, J., and P. McCloud. 1996. “Parenting Stress and Postnatal Depression.” Stress Medicine 12, no. 3: 177–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1700(199607)12:3<177::AID-SMI699>3.0.CO;2-W.
Moak, Z. B., and A. Agrawal. 2010. “The Association Between Perceived Interpersonal Social Support and Physical and Mental Health: Results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.” Journal of Public Health 32, no. 2: 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdp093.
Naglieri, J. A., and P. A. LeBuffe. 2005. “Measuring Resilience in Children, from Theory to Practice.” Handbook of Resilience in Children: 107–21. Springer.
Nan, S., Z. Huafu, and D. Shengwen. 2019. “Study on the Relationship Between Psychological Elasticity and Anxiety of Pregnant Women in Late Pregnancy.” Tianjin Journal of Nursing 27, no. 5: 509.
Ni, C., M. Chow, X. Jiang, S. Li, and S. Pang. 2015. “Factors Associated with the Resilience of Adult Survivors Five Years After the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake in China.” PLOS ONE 26;10(3): e0121033. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121033, PubMed: 25811775, PubMed Central: PMC4374963.
Nunes, Cristina, Cátia Martins, Lara Ayala-Nunes, Filomena Matos, Emilia Costa, and Andrea Gonçalves. 2021. “Parents’ Perceived Social Support and Children’s Psychological Adjustment.” Journal of Social Work 21, no. 3: 497–512. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017320911614.
Östberg, M., and B. Hagekull. 2000. “A Structural Modeling Approach to the Understanding of Parenting Stress.” Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 29, no. 4: 615–25. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP2904_13.
Papaeliou, C., N. Polemikos, E. Fryssira, A. Kodakos, M. Kaila, X. Yiota, E. Benaveli, C. Michaelides, V. Stroggilos, and M. Vrettopoulou. 2012. “Behavioural Profile and Maternal Stress in Greek Young Children with Williams Syndrome.” Child: Care, Health & Development 38, no. 6: 844–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01306.x.
Pappa, Sofia, Vasiliki Ntella, Timoleon Giannakas, Vassilis G. Giannakoulis, Eleni Papoutsi, and Paraskevi Katsaounou. 2020. “Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Insomnia Among Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” Brain, Behavior, & Immunity 88: 901–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026.
Parkes, Tessa, Hannah Carver, Willie Masterton, et al. "‘You Know, We Can Change the Services to Suit the Circumstances of What Is Happening in the World’: A Rapid Case Study of the COVID-19 Response across City Centre Homelessness and Health Services in Edinburgh, Scotland." Harm Reduction Journal 18 (2021): 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00508-1.
Paxson, Heather. 2004. Making Modern Mothers: Ethics and Family Planning in Urban Greece. University of California Press: 47.
Peer, Justin W., and Stephen B. Hillman. 2014. “Stress and Resilience for Parents of Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Review of Key Factors and Recommendations for Practitioners.” Journal of Policy & Practice in Intellectual Disabilities 11, no. 2: 92–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jppi.12072.
Radey, Melissa, Tom Ledermann, and Lenore McWey. 2022. “Informal Support and Obligation Contribute to Fewer Child Behavior Problems over Time.” Family Relations 71, no. 3: 1004–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12659.
Raikes, H. Abigail, and Ross A. Thompson. 2005. “Efficacy and Social Support as Predictors of Parenting Stress Among Families in Poverty.” Infant Mental Health Journal 26, no. 3: 177–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20044.
Razurel, Chantal, Barbara Kaiser, Catherine Sellenet, and Manuela Epiney. 2013. “Relation Between Perceived Stress, Social Support, and Coping Strategies and Maternal Well-Being: A Review of the Literature.” Women & Health 53, no. 1: 74–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2012.732681.
Ruiz, Sarah A., and Merril Silverstein. 2007. “Relationships with Grandparents and the Emotional Well-Being of Late Adolescents and Young Adult Grandchildren.” Journal of Social Issues 63, no. 4: 793–808. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00537.x.
Sadruddin, Aalyia F. A., Liliana A. Ponguta, Anna L. Zonderman, Kyle S. Wiley, Alyssa Grimshaw, and Catherine Panter-Brick. 2019. “How Do Grandparents Influence Child Health and Development? A Systematic Review.” Social Science & Medicine 239: 112476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112476.
Seely, Hayley D., and Kristin D. Mickelson. 2019. “Maternal Resilience as a Protective Factor Between Financial Stress and Child Outcomes.” Journal of Family Issues 40, no. 12: 1604–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19842609.
Skaraki, A. 2020. Work stress and psychological resilience of teachers in general and special education [MA Dissertation]. National Kapodistrian University of Athens. https://pergamos.lib.uoa.gr/uoa/dl/object/2931606.
Skreden, Marianne, Hans Skari, Ulrik F. Malt, Are H. Pripp, Merethe D. Björk, Anne Faugli, and Ragnhild Emblem. 2012. “Parenting Stress and Emotional Well-Being in Mothers and Fathers of Preschool Children.” Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 40, no. 7: 596–604. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494812460347.
Stern, D. 1995. Motherhood Constellation: A Unified View of Parent–Infant Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Book.
“The Social Issues Research Center.” 2012. The Changing Face of Motherhood in Western Europe, Accessed 2/7/2024. http://www.sirc.org/publik/motherhood_in_Greece.pdf.
Tuxunjiang, Xiabidan, Ling Li, Gulijianati Wumaier, Wei Zhang, Bahedana Sailike, and Ting Jiang. 2022. “The Mediating Effect of Resilience on Pregnancy Stress and Prenatal Anxiety in Pregnant Women.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 14, no. 13: 961689. http://doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.961689. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.961689, PubMed: 36311519, PubMed Central: PMC9614225.
Ungar, Michael, and Linda Theron. 2020. “Resilience and Mental Health: How Multisystemic Processes Contribute to Positive Outcomes.” Lancet Psychiatry 7, no. 5: 441–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30434-1.
Vermaes, I. P. R., J. M. A. M. Janssens, R. A. Mullaart, A. Vinck, and J. R. M. Gerris. 2008. “Parents’ Personality and Parenting Stress in Families of Children with Spina Bifida.” Child: Care, Health & Development 34, no. 5: 665–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00868.x.
Werner, Emmy E. 1995. “Resilience in Development.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 4, no. 3: 81–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772327.
Woodman, Ashley C., Helena P. Mawdsley, and Penny Hauser-Cram. 2015. “Parenting Stress and Child Behavior Problems Within Families of Children with Developmental Disabilities: Transactional Relations Across 15 Years.” Research in Developmental Disabilities 36C: 264–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.011.
Xiao, Yuanyuan, Yeying Wang, Wei Chang, Ying Chen, Zhen Yu, and Harvey A. Risch. 2019. “Factors Associated with Psychological Resilience in Left-Behind Children in Southwest China.” Asian Journal of Psychiatry 46: 1–5, ISSN 1876-2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.09.014.
Zelman, Jessica J., and Mark A. Ferro. 2018. “The Parental Stress Scale: Psychometric Properties in Families of Children with Chronic Health Conditions.” FamilyRelations 67, no. 2: 240–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12306.
Βουγιούκας, Κωνσταντίνος, Μαρία Τζουριάδου, Γεώργιος Μενεξές, Μαρία Γκέκα, and Λητώ - Ελένη Μιχαλοπούλου. 2017. “Intellectual Disability and Mothers’ Stressors: A Greek Paradigm.” Psychology: The Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 21, no. 4: 421–36. https://doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23510.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2024 Romanian Academy Publishing House
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.