Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) Into Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET): A Prisma-Based Systematic Review
Keywords:
PRISMA, curriculum design, technical programs, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET)Abstract
In today's world, characterized by the dominance of digital technologies, vocational education plays a pivotal role in driving economic growth and development. Nevertheless, it faces significant challenges in adapting to the rapidly evolving demands of modern industries. This study explores the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in reshaping vocational education curricula. A total of 73 articles were initially identified from the Web of Science database using specific queries related to AI, vocational education, and curriculum design. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 27 articles published between 2019 and 2024 were selected for in-depth analysis. The systematic review employs the PRISMA methodology to analyze 73 articles, ultimately focusing on 27 relevant studies published between 2019 and 2024. The systematic review in the study follows the PRISMA methodology, ensuring a rigorous and transparent process. Key themes include the integration of AI tools for data-driven insights, personalized learning environments, curriculum design emphasizing AI and digital skills. The study underscores the importance of AI in enhancing teaching practices, promoting inclusiveness, and preparing students for AI-focused careers. It also emphasizes the necessity of AI training for educators, equitable access to technology, and the development of ethical frameworks to guide AI integration in education. The findings emphasize that personalized learning supported by AI enhances students' skill acquisition and aligns educational outcomes with workforce demands. Legal and ethical dimensions of AI, particularly in vocational education, need to be addressed to ensure responsible usage and equitable implementation.
Downloads
References
Al Jbour, Mohanad, Raed Ghuneim, and Maysa Anqour. 2024. “Anticipated Transformations and Implications for Human Progress.” American Journal of Education and Practice 8 (2): 1 – 41. https://doi.org/10.47672/ajep.1894.
Ali, Muhammad, Bruri Triyono, and Thomas Koehler. 2020. “Evaluation of Indonesian Technical and Vocational Education in Addressing the Gap in Job Skills Required by Industry,” paper presented at the Third international conference on vocational education and electrical engineering (ICVEE) (pp. 1-6). IEEE. Surabaya, Indonesia, October 3-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVEE50212.2020.9243222.
Alla-Mensah, Joyceline, Holly Henderson, and Simon McGrath. 2021. “Technical and Vocational Education and Training for Disadvantaged Youth,” paper presented at the UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training. https://unevoc.unesco.org/pub/tvet_for_disadvantaged_youth.pdf
Ayofe, Azeez N., Azeez R. Ajetola, and Ade S. Oyewole. 2009. “Assessment of Existing Gap Between Industrial IT Skill Requirements and Computer Science Curriculum in Tertiary Institutions.” The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology 10(2): 326-336. https://www.akamai.university/uploads/1/2/7/7/127725089/pjst10_2_326.pdf
Azadi, Shirin, Isabel C. Green, Anne Arnold, Mireille Truong, Jacqueline Potts, and Martin A. Martino. 2021. “Robotic Surgery: The Impact of Simulation and Other Innovative Platforms on Performance and Training.” Journal of minimally invasive gynecology 28(3): 490-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2020.12.001.
Banerjee, Maya, Daphne Chiew, Keval T. Patel, et al. 2021. “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Clinical Education: Perceptions of Postgraduate Trainee Doctors in London (UK) and Recommendations for Trainers.” BMC medical education 21: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02870-x.
Barker, Lisa A., Joel D. Moore, and Helmy A. Cook. 2024. “Generative Artificial Intelligence as a Tool for Teaching Communication in Nutrition and Dietetics Education—A Novel Education Innovation.” Nutrients 16(7): 914. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070914.
Barua, Prabal D., Jahmunah Vicnesh, Raj Gururajan, et al. 2022. “Artificial Intelligence Enabled Personalised Assistive Tools to Enhance Education of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders—A Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3): 1192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031192.
Bawden, David. 2001. Information and Digital Literacies: A review of Concepts. Journal of Documentation 57(2): 218-259. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000007083.
Brass, Tamishka, JohnPaul Kennedy, Florence Gabriel, Bec Neill, Deborah Devis, and Simon N. Leonard. 2023. “Learning Analytics for Lifelong Career Development: A Framework to Support Sustainable Formative Assessment and Self-Reflection in Programs Developing Career Self-Efficacy.” Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2023.1173099.
Bulathwela, Sahan, María Pérez-Ortiz, Catherine Holloway, Mutlu Cukurova, and John Shawe-Taylor. 2024. “Artificial Intelligence Alone Will Not Democratise Education: On Educational Inequality, Techno-Solutionism and Inclusive Tools.” Sustainability 16(2):781. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020781.
Callahan, Mary E., Emily B. Brant, Deepika Mohan, Marie K. Norman, Robert M. Arnold, and Douglas B. White. 2021. “Leveraging Technology to Overcome The “Scalability Problem” in Communication Skills Training Courses.” ATS scholar 2(3): 327-340. https://doi.org/10.34197/ats-scholar.2020-0164PS.
Chen, Lijia, Pingping Chen, and Zhijian Lin. 2020. “Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Review.” Ieee Access, 8: 75264-75278. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2988510.
Chen, Pujun, Anastasia Goncharova, Matthias Pilz, et al. 2021. “International Curriculum Comparison in Vocational Education and Training: A Collaborative Development of an Analysis Instrument.” International journal for research in vocational education and training 8(4): 16-43. https://doi.org/10.25656/01:23796.
Chen, Ying, Jianrong Bao, Geqi Weng, Yanhai Shang, Chao Liu, and Bin Jiang. 2024. "AI-Enabled Multi-Mode Electronic Information Innovation Practice Teaching Reform Prediction and Exploration in Application-Oriented Universities" Systems 12, no. 10: 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems12100442.
Cheng, Leonard K., and Xiangdong Wei. 2021. “Boya Education in China: Lessons from Liberal Arts Education in the US and Hong Kong.” International Journal of Educational Development 84, 102419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102419.
Dahalan, Fazlida, Norlidah Alias, and Mohd S. N. Shaharom. 2024. “Gamification and Game Based Learning for Vocational Education and Training: A Systematic Literature Review.” Education and Information Technologies, 29 (2): 1279-1317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11548-w.
Dahri, Nisar A., Noraffandy Yahaya, Waleed M. Al-Rahmi et al. 2024. “Investigating AI-Based Academic Support Acceptance and Its Impact on Students’ Performance in Malaysian and Pakistani Higher Education Institutions.” Education and Information Technologies 29 (14). 18695-18744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12599-x.
Çetindamar Dilek, Kirsty Kitto, Mengjia Wu, Yi Zhang, Babak Abedin, and Simon Knight. 2024. "Explicating AI Literacy of Employees at Digital Workplaces," IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 71: 810-823. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2021.3138503.
Eden, Chima A., Onyebuchi N. Chisom, and Idowu Si Adeniyi. 2024. “Integrating AI in Education: Opportunities, Challenges, and Ethical Considerations.” Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews 10 (2): 6-13. https://doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2024.10.2.0039.
Ejjami, Rachid. 2024. “The Future of Learning: AI-Based Curriculum Development”. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 6 (4): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i04.24441.
Fazlollahi, Ali M., Recai Yilmaz, and Alexander Winkler-Schwartz. 2023. “AI in Surgical Curriculum Design and Unintended Outcomes for Technical Competencies in Simulation Training.” JAMA Network Open, 6(9): e2334658-e2334658. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.34658.
Finegold, David, and Alexis S, Notabartolo. 2010. “21st Century Competencies and Their Impact: An Interdisciplinary Literature Review.” In Transforming the US workforce development system. Edited by Finegold, David, Mary L. Gatta, Hal Salzman, and Susan J. Schurman, S. ILR Press.
Ghory, Siyamoy, and Hamayoon Ghafory. 2021. “The Impact of Modern Technology in the Teaching and Learning Process. International.” Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 4 (3): 168-173. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v4i3.73.
Guetterman, Tim, John W. Creswell, and Udo Kuckartz. 2015. “Using Joint Displays and MAXQDA Software to Represent the Results of Mixed Methods Research.” In Use of visual displays in research and testing: Coding, interpreting, and reporting data, edited by McCrudden, Matthew T., Gregory Schraw, and Chad Buckendahl, Information Age Publishing.
Hasan, Zahid, Avijit Mallik, and Jia-Chi Tsou. 2021. “Learning Method Design for Engineering Students to be Prepared for Industry 4.0: a Kaizen Approach.” Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning 11 (1): 182-198. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-07-2019-0098.
Holmes, Wayne, Maya Bialik, and Charles Fadel. 2019. “Artificial Intelligence in Education: Promises and Implications for Teaching and Learning.” Springer.
Hong, HeeWon, and YeonKyoung Kim. 2024. “Applying Artificial Intelligence in Career Education for Students with intellectual Disabilities: The Effects on Career Self-Efficacy and Learning Flow.” Education and Information Technologies, 29: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12809-6.
Houwink, Elisa J. F., Marise J. Kasteleyn, Laurence Alpay, et al. 2020. “SERIES: eHealth in Primary Care. Part 3: eHealth Education in Primary Care.” European Journal of General Practice, 26 (1): 108-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2020.1797675.
Hu, Jingnan. 2022. “Partial Differential Equation‐Assisted Accounting Professional Education and Training Artificial Intelligence Collaborative Course System Construction.” Scientific programming, 2022 (1): 6357421. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6357421.
Hussain, Munawar, Zainab Mehmood Qureshi, and Shazia Malik. 2024. "The Impact of Educational Technologies on Modern Education: Navigating Opportunities and Challenges." Global Educational Studies Review, IX (III): 21-30 doi: 10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).03
Jamil, Mohd R. M., Nadzimah Idris, Mohd M. M. Zalli, Nik M. H. N. Rakami, and Zetra H. Putra. 2024. “Transforming Inclusive Digital Pedagogy in Malaysian Tertiary TVET: Adapting to a New Educational Landscape”. Journal of Technical Education and Training 16 (2): 165-74. https://penerbit.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/JTET/article/view/18320.
Johnson, Blair T., and Emily A. Hennessy. 2019. “Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses in the Health Sciences: Best Practice Methods for Research Syntheses.” Social Science & Medicine 233: 237-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.035.
Kandlhofer, Martin, Gerald Steinbauer, Sabine Hirschmugl-Gaisch, and Petra Huber. 2016. “Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science in Education: From Kindergarten to University,” paper presented at the 2016 IEEE frontiers in education conference (FIE). October 12-15. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2016.7757570.
Kelly, Shannon E., David Moher, and Tammy J. Clifford. 2016. “Quality of Conduct and Reporting in Rapid Reviews: An Exploration of Compliance with PRISMA and AMSTAR guidelines.” Systematic Reviews 5:1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0258-9.
Khan, Sunawar, Tehseen Mazhar, Tariq Shahzad, et al. 2025. “Harnessing AI for Sustainable Higher Education: Ethical Considerations, Operational Efficiency, and Future Directions.” Discover Sustainability 6 (1): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-00809-6.
Konishi, Yoko. 2015. “What is Needed for AI Literacy? Priorities for the Japanese Economy in 2016.” Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, December 25. https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/columns/s16_0014.html.
Kovalchuk, Vasyl, Svitlana Maslich, Nataliia Tkachenko, Svitlana Shevchuk, and Tetiana Shchypska. 2022. “Vocational Education in the Context of Modern Problems and Challenges.” Journal of Curriculum and Teaching 11(8): 329–338. https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v11n8p329.
Laupichler, Matthias C., Alexandra Aster, Jana Schirch, and Tobias Raupach. 2022. “Artificial Intelligence Literacy in Higher and Adult Education: A Scoping Literature Review.” Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence 3:1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100101.
LeClair, Renee J., Jennifer L. Cleveland, Kristin Eden, and Andrew P. Binks. 2023. “An Integrated Pre-Clerkship Curriculum to Build Cognitive Medical Schema: It’s not Just About the Content.” Frontiers in Physiology 14: 1148916. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1148916.
Liu, Honghua, WenPing Tan, Jingzhong Gong, and Pinghui Hu. (2021). “Teaching System of Embedded Mechanical Manufacturing Specialty Based on Deep Learning.” Mobile Information Systems 2021 (1): 9936385. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9936385.
Long, Duri, and Brian Magerko. 2020. “What is AI literacy? Competencies and Design Considerations,” paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, Honolulu HI USA, April 25-30. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3313831.3376727.
Meng, Wanrong, and Piyapong Sumettikoon. 2022. “The Use of Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Teaching Effectiveness in Vocational Education.” Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 98: 266-283. doi:10.14689/ejer.2022.98.017.
Moher, David, Alessandro Liberati, Jennifer Tetzlaff, Douglas G. Altman, and the PRISMA Group. 2009. “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement.” Annals of Internal Medicine 151 (4): 264-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007.
Munir, Misbachul, Ella A. Sinambela, Siti N. Halizah, Rafadi K. Khayru, and Vatosoa Mendrika. 2022. “Review of Vocational Education Curriculum in the Fourth Industrial Revolution and Contribution to Rural Development.” Journal of Social Science Studies (JOS3) 2(1): 5-8. https://doi.org/10.56348/jos3.v2i1.20.
Nadzinski, Gorjan, Branislav Gerazov, Stefan Zlatinov, et al. 2023. “Data Science and Machine Learning Teaching Practices with Focus on Vocational Education and Training.” Informatics in Education 22 (4): 671-690. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2023.28.
Nguyen, Andy, Lesley Gardner, and Don Sheridan. 2020. “Data Analytics in Higher Education: An Integrated View.” Journal of Information Systems Education 31(1): 61-71. https://aisel.aisnet.org/jise/vol31/iss1/5.
O'Connor, Michael D. 2023. “Design Principles for Work-Integrated Learning-Based, Alternative Doctoral Training Programs Informed by PhD Candidate Feedback.” International Journal of Work-Integrated Learning 24 (4): 567-582. https://www.ijwil.org/files/IJWIL_24_4_567_582.pdf
OECD. 2023. “Spotlight on Vocational Education and Training: Findings from Education at a Glance 2023.” OECD Publishing, Paris, Accessed 02.03.2025 https://doi.org/10.1787/acff263d-en.
Okanya, V. 2023. “Enhancing Integration of Emerging Technologies in Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Programmes for Sustainable Development.” Industrial Technology Education Research Journal 6 (1): 73-85. https://iterj.org/pub/article/view/vol-6-no-1-art-7
Olaide, Adenubi A., Samuel Nathaniel, Oyenuga A. Oyesola, and Adewale K. Abayomi. 2024. “Artificial Intelligence with Agile Teaching Strategies for Personalized Learning.” Nigerian Online Journal of Educational Sciences and Technology 6 (1): 364-379. http://nojest.unilag.edu.ng/article/view/2139/1685.
Ossa, Laura A., Michael Rost, Giorgia Lorenzini, David M. Shaw, and Bernice S. Elger. 2023. “A Smarter Perspective: Learning with and from AI-Cases.” Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 135, 102458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2022.102458.
Oviawe, Jane I., Raymond Uwameiye, and Patrick S. O. Uddin. 2017. “Bridging Skill Gap to Meet Technical, Vocational Education and Training School-Workplace Collaboration in the 21st Century.” International Journal of Vocational Education and Training Research 3 (1): 7-14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijvetr.20170301.12.
Özer, Mahmut. 2024. “A Roadmap to Improve Vocational Education and Training in Türkiye.” Kapadokya Eğitim Dergisi 5 (1):100-111. https://doi.org/10.69643/kaped.1412082
Petridou, Efthymia, and Lena Lao. 2024. “Identifying Challenges and Best Practices for Implementing AI Additional Qualifications in Vocational and Continuing Education: A Mixed Methods Analysis.” International Journal of Lifelong Education 43 (4): 385-400. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2024.2351076.
Qi, Yi F., Cai H. An, Chao Huang, Hong C. Lv, and Hong H. Zhang. 2024. “Enhancing Critical Thinking in Vocational Chemistry Education: Active Learning Strategies in Vocational Training.” Journal of Chemical Education 101 (11): 4892-4903. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c00887.
Rehan, Hassan. 2023. “Shaping the Future of Education with Cloud and AI Technologies: Enhancing Personalized Learning and Securing Data Integrity in the Evolving EdTech Landscape.” Australian Journal of Machine Learning Research & Applications 3 (1): 359-395. https://sydneyacademics.com/index.php/ajmlra/article/view/107
Rethlefsen, Melissa L., Shona Kirtley, Siw Waffenschmidt, et al. 2021. “PRISMA-S: An Extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews.” Systematic Reviews 10: 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z.
Rigley, Eryn, Caitlin Bentley, Joshua Krook, and Sarvapali D. Ramchurn. 2024. “Evaluating International AI Skills Policy: A Systematic Review of AI Skills Policy in Seven Countries.” Global Policy, 15(1): 204-217. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.13299.
Rodero, L. G. 2023. “The European Digital Education Plan for the Development of Lifelong Learning.” In The value of the difference and lifelong learning in the contemporary pedagogy, edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin. M.J. Hernández-Serrano. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. https://doi.org/10.14201/0AQ0353.
Rokeman, N. R. Mohd, Che G.C. Kob, Farah W. Othman, et al. 2024. “Navigating Digital Competence in TVET Education: Overcoming Challenges and Harnessing Opportunies for Industry 4.0.” Jurnal Pendidikan Bitara UPSI 17:200-215. https://doi.org/10.37134/bitara.vol17.sp2.20.2024.
Royal Society. 2023. “Investing in a 21st Century Educational Research System.” Accessed March 2, 2025. https://royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/education-research/investing-in-a-21st-century-educational-research-system.pdf.
Saddam, H. M. Issa, and Ghassan Hasan. 2024. “The Best Way of using AI Technology in Designing Technical Education Curriculum in Meeting Future Industry Demands: Smart Way.” paper presented at the 2024 4th International Conference on Advance Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering (ICACITE) (pp. 1403-1406). Greater Noida, India, May 14-15. 10.1109/ICACITE60783.2024.10617225.
Samarasekera, Dujeepa D., Yap S. Chong, Kenneth Ban, et al. 2024. “Transforming Healthcare with Integrated Inter-Professional Education in a Research-Driven Medical School.” Medical Teacher 46 (12): 1553-1560. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2024.2409293.
Sapci, A. Hasan, and H. Aylin Sapci. 2020. “Teaching Hands-On Informatics Skills to Future Health Informaticians: A Competency Framework Proposal and Analysis of Health Care Informatics Curricula.” JMIR Medical Informatics 8 (1): e15748. https://doi.org/doi:10.2196/15748.
Sarkis-Onofre, Rafael, Ferran Catalá-López, Edoardo Aromataris, and Craig Lockwood. 2021. “How to Properly Use the PRISMA Statement.” Systematic Reviews 10: 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01671-z.
Shalevska, Elena. 2024. “Human Rights in the Age of AI: Understanding the Risks, Ethical Dilemmas, and the Role of Education in Mitigating Threats.” Journal of Legal and Political Education 1 (2): 38-52. https://doi.org/10.47305/JLPE2412038sh.
Somantri, Maman, and Resa Pramudita. 2024. “Enhancing Industry's Role in Vocational Education: An Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities Based on a Literature Review.” paper presented at the 2024 9th International STEM Education Conference (iSTEM-Ed), Cha-am, Hua Hin, Thailand, July 31-August 02. 10.1109/iSTEM-Ed62750.2024.10663166.
Sundar, Swetha J., Benjamin B. Whiting, Sean Li, et al. 2024. “Preparing Residents to Navigate Neurosurgical Careers in the 21st Century: Implementation of a Yearlong Enhanced Didactics Curriculum.” World Neurosurgery 191: e272-e278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2024.08.104.
Suparyati, Atik, Indah Widiastuti, Ida N. Saputro, and Nugroho Pambudi. 2023. “The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Vocational Education.” JIPTEK: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Teknik dan Kejuruan 17 (1):24-35. https://doi.org/10.20961/jiptek.v17i1.75995.
Thelma, Chanda C., Zohaib H. Sain, Yusuf O. Shogbesan, Edwin V. Phiri, and Wisdom M. Akpan. 2024. “Digital Literacy in Education: Preparing Students for the Future Workforce.” International Journal of Research 11(8): 327–343. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13347718.
Ubihatun, Riza, Aninda I. Aliyya, Fardi Wira, Viby I. Ardhelia, and Denny O. Radianto. 2024. “Tantangan dan Prospek Pendidikan Vokasi di Era Digital: Tinjauan Literatur.” Abstrak: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu seni, Media dan Desain 1 (3): 01-11. https://doi.org/10.62383/abstrak.v1i3.118.
Vasileiadou, Symelia M. 2023. “Skills and Competencies in the Digital Transformation Era: The Case of Greece”. Master thesis. International Hellenic University.
Vázquez-Parra, Jose C., Carolina Henao-Rodríguez, Jenny P. Lis-Gutiérrez, and Sergio Palomino-Gámez. 2024. “Importance of University Students’ Perception of Adoption and Training in Artificial Intelligence Tools." Societies 14 (8): 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14080141.
Vázquez-Parra, Jose C., Carolina Henao-Rodríguez, Jenny P. Lis-Gutiérrez, Sergio Palomino-Gámez, and Paloma Suárez-Brito. 2024. “Perception of AI Tool Adoption and Training: Initial Validation Using GSEM Method.” Applied Computing and Informatics 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1108/ACI-09-2024-0370.
World Bank (2012). “Education in a changing world: Flexibility, skills, and employability. Washington: World Bank”. Accessed 02.03.2025 https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/517491469672142098/pdf/691040WP00PUBL0ability0WEB050110120.pdf
Wei, Li, and Janice L. H. Nga. 2024. “Investigating the Determinants of Vocational Education and Economic Development in Digital Age: A Review from 2018 - 2023.” International Journal of Religion 5 (9): 495-502. https://doi.org/10.61707/bhw7x362.
Yadav, Uma, and Urmila Shrawankar. 2025. “Artificial Intelligence Across Industries: A Comprehensive Review with a Focus on Education.” AI Applications and Strategies in Teacher Education 1: 275-320. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-5443-8.ch010.
Yahya, Muhammad, Wahyudi, and Akmal Hidayat. 2023. “Implementasi Artificial Intelligence (AI) di Bidang Pendidikan Kejuruan Pada Era Revolusi Industri 4.0.” Seminar Nasional Dies Natalis 62 (1): 190-199. https://doi.org/10.59562/semnasdies.v1i1.794.
Yanli, Xu, and Lu Danni. 2021. “Prospect of Vocational Education Under the Background of Digital Age: Analysis of European Union's “Digital Education Action Plan (2021-2027)”.” paper presented at the 2021 International Conference on Internet, Education and Information Technology (IEIT). Suzhou, China, April 16-18. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEIT53597.2021.00042.
Yanjin, Shen, Liu Qian, Zhang Kun, and Zou Ruirui. 2023. “The Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Personalized Teaching of Vocational Education.” paper presented at the 2023 13th International Conference on Information Technology in Medicine and Education (ITME). Wuyishan, China, November 24-26. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITME60234.2023.00172.
Zhang, Zhi J. 2014. “Influence of Modern Technology on the Educational System.” Advanced Materials Research, 1030: 2746 - 2749. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1030-1032.2746
Zhou, Yongfu, Zhi Zeng, and Huabin Wang. 2022. “Using Spectral Clustering Association Algorithm Upon Teaching Big Data for Precise Education.” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2022(1): 7214659. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7214659.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 Romanian Academy Publishing House
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
